Plant and Animal Cell Free Essays

Most importantly, plant and creature cells are eukaryotic cells. They have complex structures yet the two of them have significant contrasts, too a few similitudes. Plant cell are typically bigger than creature cell. We will compose a custom exposition test on Plant and Animal Cell or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The two kinds of cells have numerous organelles. The plant cell has a couple of a greater number of organelles than the creature cell however generally theyâ have similar organelles. Creature and plant cells both have a core, ribosomes, Golgi device, andâ endoplasmic reticulum. Just plant cells have a cell divider, vacuole, chloroplast, and plastids. The two cells are constrained by a core and else they wouldn’t have the option to work without it. Too, the ribosomes experience a procedure called combination of proteins, these proteins are fundamental for life in the phones. The Golgi mechanical assembly packs the proteins to remain in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is classified into two sections, Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The unpleasant endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes joined to it; it packs the proteins made by the ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn't have ribosomes however it detoxifies harmful material in the cell. Moreover, creature cells are adjusted and sporadic fit as a fiddle, while plant cells have fixed rectangular shapes. Plant cell have cell divider which makes a rectangular structure, these structure are made out of cellulose, hemicellulose, and an assortment of different materials, however creature cells don’t have this cell divider making it have dynamic shapes (round shape). Plant cells have chloroplasts for the use of daylight and this is the thing that contributes for a plant to look green. Plant cell do photosynthesis while creature cells can’t. The chloroplast is just present in plant cell since they make their own food. Additionally plant cells contains a huge focal vacuole that is encased by a film that makes up 90% of the cell volume, while when contrasted with the creature cell, it has at least one vacuole however littler that the plant cell. Likewise plant cell have plastids and creature cell don’t have. Plastids are little organs in the cytoplasm that stores hued shade and food. Plant cells use connecting pores in their cell divider to associate with one another and pass data while anima cells rely upon an undifferentiated from arrangement of hole intersections that permits correspondence between cells. Creature cells have centrioles, cilia and lysosomes yet plant cells have no requirement for centrioles in light of the fact that their axle filaments are associated with the cell divider. The following are two pictures, one of a creature cell and the other from a plant cell. Creature CELL PLANT CELL Reference: 30 Sep. 2012 http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_plant_cells_differ_from_animal_cells 30 Sep. 2012 http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_plant_cells_differ_from_animal_cells 30 Sep. 2012 http://scienceray. com/science/creature and-plant-cell-likenesses and-contrasts/30 Sep. 2012 http://www. preservearticles. com/201101032391/fundamental contrasts among plant-and-creature cell. html 30 Sep. 2012 http://www. diffen. com/contrast/Animal_Cell_vs_Plant_Cell Instructions to refer to Plant and Animal Cell, Essay models

Bullying in Schools and Colleges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tormenting in Schools and Colleges - Essay Example It has been discovered that tormenting has expanded to colossal levels and it is practically unimaginable currently to contain the issue. Due to the ever-expanding issue of tormenting, it is seen that few states and schools have taken a notification of the grave circumstance and executed laws to guarantee that it doesn't win. An individual that I as of late met was a serious quiet individual in genuine yet was a previous domineering jerk in his school. He was known for his forcefulness in those days in light of which the understudies dreaded them. At the point when I addressed him I became acquainted with a considerable amount about him and made a general agreement about the domineering jerks. Nature hugy affected the previous domineering jerk however he got the chance to learn things on account of which he moved onto the profound lifestyle. His home life and family were the most upsetting things throughout his life and I accept that these things made him transform into a domineering jerk. As indicated by him his family was a greater amount of the manly sort and loved being intense. He had four senior siblings who used to battle with him regularly. He was basically alarmed of them and had lost sense of pride in this reason. His dad never paid enough regard to him and he needed to depend on his dejection for quite a while. This loss of dignity made the previous harasser target individuals who were of his own sort. At the end of the day, he searched for individuals who were progressively similar to him and harassed them. He used to search for individual understudies who were terrified and didn't have regard for themselves and afterward harassed them likewise. The previous harasser expressed that he was incredibly affected by his family and some way or another the hereditary components got to him. His siblings were known to be the most popular domineering jerks in the secondary school and he emulated their example. He likewise advised that he got the opportunity t o learn various methods of tormenting through his siblings. Battling with them was an encounter, he says which caused him to figure out how to handle off the folks who were amazing than him. Over every single tormenting wa viewed as a cool demonstration by him and different folks and this made him fall into the demonstration. Hereditary factors clearly played a job as put somewhere near the domineering jerk. Manliness ran in his family and he rehearsed this manliness on different understudies accepting this would assist him with recovering his pride. In any case, he expresses that after some time he has taken in a great deal of new things and has moved to the otherworldly lifestyle. Most importantly, he was influenced by the way that his family was nothing about respect. As the domineering jerk grew up he understood that his family didn't have a lot to regard for other people. Ladies were not treated as they ought to have been and he watched his siblings and father to discover the w ay that they themselves were escaping reality. None of his relatives had the option to have a decent existence and soon he understood that manliness was just a purpose behind him to be a harasser. With the otherworldly learning, he began to stroll once more from battles and got glad for it. He understood the wrongs that he had done as he put in the meeting. He likewise went to huge numbers of the individuals he had tormented to apologize and the vast majority of these expressions of remorse were acknowledged, luckily. His character qualities can be identified with those of an ordinary individual as he understood about them when he grew up. The previous domineering jerk began feeling the feelings of others when he grew up and regarded the individuals who faced him.

PPIA 2014 Junior Summer Institutes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

PPIA 2014 Junior Summer Institutes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog There is a great academic opportunity for college students interested in pursuing a career in public policy and international affairs.   The Public Policy International Affairs Fellowship Program (PPIA) is now accepting applications for the 2014 Junior Summer Institutes (JSI).   Each year, PPIA brings together high-potential undergraduate students from universities across the country to participate in an intensive seven-week Junior Summer Institute (JSI) before their senior year. The program focuses on preparing students for graduate programs in public and international affairs and careers as policy professionals, public administrators and other leadership roles in public service.   The JSI curriculum will cover courses and topics that will strengthen the students’ quantitative, analytic and communication skills. These skills are vital for admission into the top graduate programs in public and international affairs.   If you are interested, an application must be submitted through the PPIA website at: www.ppiaprogram.org.   The application deadline for the 2014 Junior Summer Institutes is November 1, 2013. PPIAs mission is to promote the inclusion and full participation of underrepresented groups in public service and to advance their leadership roles throughout our civic institutions serving domestic and international affairs.

My Personal Experience My Experience As A Teacher

Today, I came prepared to teach my lesson as I was supposed to but times got switched up and plans got changed. In some ways Im glad this happened because it taught me an important lesson of being flexible. As a teacher, things arent always going to go smoothly and on track; there are always mix-ups along the way and learning how to cope with those are imperative. Although I didnt have a chance to teach today, I conducted morning meeting and read some of the book â€Å"Crenshaw† to the class. After, the class and I walked down to the computer room for coding. They just started creating different objects that preform different functions. For example, students chose between a bee, earthquake, dumpster, or car to create and make moveable. I†¦show more content†¦I had small group with my soccer team this morning so came in a little later than usual. Once I got there, I found out we had a sub in the class so knew I had to step up and help to navigate through the lesson pla ns in order to assist her. We first had morning meeting then I read a couple chapters of Crenshaw. After this, I pulled up a video for the sub on what was currently being taught. Following, the students took a quiz what they had learned. The next instruction was to make a foldable on explorers of SC so I helped make a model as what they were expected to complete. While papers were being handed out for this, we realized Mrs. Prioreschi had not printed enough copies so I went to make more. Today was my very last day student teaching with the kids that I consider siblings. When I got to school I gave my teacher and kids their gifts. After that, we went to the computer lab and a coding instructor was there to introduce their next project. I walked around helping students get started on theirs and answered any questions about the problems they ran into. Once we got back to class, I taught my second lesson. The title of it was â€Å"Springing into Christmas,† since the holidays wer e just beginning. Different from the last one, I chose to teach in the English field. It was good of me to switch up the subject that I taught because since I want to be an elementary school teacher, around theShow MoreRelatedMy Experience As A Preschool Teacher862 Words   |  4 PagesMajor Personal Essay: Trust in the Educational Experience How important is trust to the educational process? How does trust between student and teacher impact the experience for both? Over the years, I have sat the chair of both student and teacher, although not typically at the same time! Pondering the topic of trust in the educational experience, I am aware of an internal dialog that is not unlike the Disney Pixar movie, â€Å"Inside Out†. Colorful, lively animations depicting the internal dialog ofRead MoreTeaching Diversity And Equitable Classrooms Versus Teacher Activism Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore the relationships between teaching diversity and equitable classrooms versus teacher activism. In this paper, I will be reflecting upon my experiences teaching, learning and unlearning as a teacher candidate. Throughout this course, I learned that educators should engage in critical social action, and these actions can come in many different forms. The school is a place where students can share experiences and knowledge d ifferences. Educators can start by create a classroom environment whereRead MoreEducation Is The Foundation For Much Of Our Future1043 Words   |  5 Pagesschool or a university; an enlightening experience†. A philosophy of education is a set of beliefs about how children develop and learn and what they should and how they should be taught. In my own personal opinion, the above definition is exactly what education should be – an enlightening experience. In our culture today, there is a huge emphasis on education. Education is the foundation for much of our future, therefore if one teaches for an enlightening experience rather than the act of simply teachingRead MoreLearning Is An Effective Learner Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesLearning is, for me, a continuous journey that is always changing. It creates personal and memorable experiences that allows me to come away a better person than I was the day before. Learning has enabled me to discover myself as an individual and recognise my strengths and weaknesses which I continue to build on each day. The readings I have chosen, explore a different way of learning and a strategy to become an effective learner. The first reading by Khan (2012) explores Cottrell’s strategy ofRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teacher Leadership846 Words   |  4 Pagesquote by Tom Peters best summarizes my philosophy of teacher leadership. As a teacher leader, it is up to me to inspire, direct, and encourage others so that stronger teacher, administrative, and student leaders may be born from the process. Teacher leadership involves collaboration between teachers, administrators, and teacher leaders with the goal of positively impacting the student learning environment. With student learning as the ultimate objective, teacher leadership â€Å"becomes an indispensableRead MoreReflection Paper On The Classroom985 Words   |  4 Pagesassignment for my SPED class I was nervous and a bit skeptical about how everything was going to be, because I have never observed an inclusion class. After my first da y of observation I felt more confident about my career choice. In this reflection paper I will talk about the assignment and all the things I found interesting, important, and challenging. I will also talk about how I overcame the challenges, my misconceptions prior to observing, and how this field experience will affect my education environmentRead MoreMy Educational Experience : Fair Warning1450 Words   |  6 PagesMy educational experience. Fair warning, most of this just might be me ranting about some aspects of my education, but truly, I believe that I have had one of the best educational experiences I could ever ask for. I formed great relationships with peers and faculty, graduated with honors, and made it into the Public Ivy, Miami University. My educational experience hasn’t been like a lot of others though, and I recognize that not everyone that attended my school had the same great experience IRead MoreProfessional Development Talks Around A Individuals Report 1020 Words   |  5 Pagesaptitudes. The information and knowledge that one gathers through his or her individual experience in life helps them to proceed in future with the help of models and theories based on learning outcomes. As expressed in my CV my ultimate goal is to become a good assistant teacher. As i have fondness for children and managing as well as educating children seems to be easy for me, i choose the profession f being a teacher. I believe that they can be taught valuable life lessons in schools, during the timeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Teaching797 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss my personal philosophy teaching. As I describe my theory of learning I will talk about experiences that have affected me. As well as identify areas of pedagogy that have influenced my personal philosophy. I will then describe how my philosophy teaching guide my teaching style. Personal Experinces My personal philosophy of teaching has its foundations in my experiences as a student. These experiences as a student have affected my beliefs about teaching and learning. I remember my thirdRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy of Education958 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education It is customary that on New Year’s Eve, we make New Year resolution. The fact is that we are making a set of guideline that we want to live by. These are motives that we seek to achieve. In a similar way, teachers live by philosophy. This essay focuses on my personal philosophy of education. It unfolds the function of philosophy in a teacher’s life, my view on the purpose of education, the student teacher- relationship and the philosophy which influences my

Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre - 1228 Words

Combining elements of mystery, gloom, romance, and suspense are the keys to a Gothic novel with a plot riddled in mystery and suspense, Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre is a novel that the term â€Å"gothic† could be applied to. You can find these elements in the setting, characters, and in numerous places in the plot of this novel. Thornfield Hall is the quintessential gothic castle. Most gothic novels settings include; a castle, ruined or intact, haunted or not. (The Gothic Experience 1). Thornfiled Hall seems to have a life or story of its own throughout the plot. The way it is described changes as the story progresses. Jane is quoted, â€Å"It was three storeys high, of proportions not vast, though considerable: a gentleman’s manor-house, not a nobleman’s seat: battlements round the top gave it a picturesque look. Its grey front stood out well from the background of a rookery, whose cawing tenants were now on the wing: they flew over the lawn and grounds to alight in a great meadow, from which these were separated by a sunk fence, and where an array of mighty old thorn trees, strong, knotty, and broad as oaks, at once explained the etymology of the mansion’s designation. (Bronte Chapter 11.) This quote illustrates that at first Thornfield is viewed as â€Å"picturesque† and full of history that Jane is not yet aware of. The reader gains a sense of mystery and intrigue which are keys to a gothic novel. As the novel progresses and Rochester enters the story. Thornfield seems to beShow MoreRelatedCharlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1371 Words   |  6 PagesIn a time period where women were unequal and unheard in society, Charlotte Brontà « expresses her feminist ideals through her novel Jane Eyre, an unexpected love story between an unlikely pair. During her work as a governess at Thornfield Hall, Jane gets to know her master, Mr. Rochester, very well and begins to fall in love with him. Jane at first forbids herself from a courtship because of the class difference between them; however, in time she learns that the feelings of love are mutual and theyRead MoreSummary Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1607 Words   |  7 Pageswere expected to obey a man s commands and were treated inferior to their male superior. This novel embodies the ideology of equality between men and women in society. Charlotte Bronte s novel Jane Eyre embraces many views in opposition to the Victorian gender limitations. Ultimately, the reader can see the author develops a variety of characters who not only represent but also challenge the established gender norms existing in the 1800s. Feminists like Charlotte Bronte, fight for equality emotionallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 2054 Words   |  9 Pageswith the present and consumed by desire and materialism, resulting in their inevitable self-destruction. In Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s gothic novel, Jane Eyre, Brontà « creates a multitude of characters that represent the extremes of the id and the superego to contrast with Jane’s more balanced, ego-dominated self in order to reveal the dangers of falling out of balance within oneself. In doing so, Brontà « illustrates an aspect of the human condition that reveals that in order to maintain both inner and outerRead MoreMarxist Criticism On Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1467 Words   |  6 PagesComposition March 18, 2016 Marxist Criticism on Charlotte Brontà « s Jane Eyre Some novels will not let the reader escape the social setting, and Charlotte Brontà « s Jane Eyre is no acceptation. The author implements a symphony of details that strikes the reader as a full blown portrait of society. The novel s surroundings profoundly influence the thoughts, emotions, and actions of every character, which makes out the setting to be as important to the novel s development as the characters and personalitiesRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 PagesNotes Jane Eyre Background of author Name: Charlotte Bronte Birth/Death: April 21, 1816 to March 31,1855 Facts that connect: Mr. Brocklehurst is based off the Reverend Carus Wilson, the man who ran Cowan Bridge. Bronte lost two of her sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, to tuberculosis at Cowan Bridge. Bronte s brother, Patrick, became addicted to drugs and alcohol before he died. Similarities: She, along with her three sisters, was sent to the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge. Charlotte BronteRead MoreCharlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre984 Words   |  4 PagesCharlotte Brontà « wrote Jane Eyre. The novel is a highly fascinating piece of gothic literature based during the nineteenth century. The story unfolds around a young Jane Eyre who grows both in character and body. She experiences love and mystery. She, through many trials, finds a true, wholesome, and godly relationship with the main male protagonist, Mr. Rochester. Jane Eyre occurs during the early nineteenth century in northern Britain. It takes place in multiple locations: â€Å"the Reed family’sRead MoreCharlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1074 Words   |  5 PagesMatthew Fastiggi Jane Eyre Essay There is perhaps no human emotion that can evoke feelings of both utter despair and incredible joy like love can. Throughout the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Jane searches tirelessly for love while living in a mostly cruel and heartless world. Jane’s journey goes from a childhood doll being the entirety of her love to marrying Mr. Rochester, the love of her life. This is symbolic of the massive change Jane undergoes throughout the novel and how love affectsRead MoreEquality Within Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1673 Words   |  7 Pageswere expected to obey a man s commands and were treated inferior to their male superior. This novel embodies the ideology of equality between men and women in society. Charlotte Bronte s novel Jane Eyre embraces many views in opposition to the Victorian gender limitations. Ultimately, the reader can see the author develops a variety of characters who not only represent but also challenge the established gender norms existing in the 1800s . Feminists like Charlotte Bronte, fight for equality emotionallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1110 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered equal to men. They have not been since the beginning and although we say they are now, many would probably disagree. Charlotte Brontà « was no exception to this rule- she knew that society expected women to fit into a specific category rather than be their own individuals and she expressed her frustration towards this in Jane Eyre. Within this brief passage, Charlotte Brontà « elegantly employs symbolism, allusions, and diction in order to assert Jane’s determination to stay true to herself, despiteRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 933 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Jane Eyre Author: Charlotte Bronte Main Characters (Protagonist/Antagonist), Title, Traits: Jane Eyre (Protagonist): main character, lost, alone, devastated Rochester (Protagonist): master of Thornfield, loves Jane, secretive, caring St. John (Protagonist): missionary loves Jane, cold, reserved, controlling Mrs. Reed (Antagonist): Jane’s aunt, cruel, resent Mr. Brocklehurst (Antagonist): principal, cruel, hypocritical Setting: England in the 19th century. Gateshead, Lowood Institute

Mattel’s China Experience Free Essays

In 1945, the Mattel brand was born. Ruth and Elliot Handler and Harold â€Å"Matt† Matson launched Mattel out of a garage workshop in Southern California. The first Mattel products were actually picture frames, but Elliot soon started using those picture frames to create dollhouse furniture. We will write a custom essay sample on Mattel’s China Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harold Matson eventually sold out to his partner, Ruth and Elliot Handler. The Handler’s, encouraged by the success of the doll furniture and turned the emphasis of the company to toys. By 1955 Mattel was advertising toys through the popular show â€Å"Mickey Mouse Club†; this revolutionized the way toys were marketed. By 1959 Mattel had introduced Barbie, named after their daughter Barbara’s nickname. Barbie would soon lead Mattel to the forefront of the toy industry and fascinate girls all over the world for decades. In 1960, Mattel became a publicly owned company, stock was listed was listed on the New York and Pacific Coast Stock Exchanges in 1963. By 1965, sales topped $100 million and the company joined the Fortune 500. In the years to come Mattel would enter the ever growing electronics industry, they would also enter several joint ventures and licensing agreements that would earn them more profit (Mattel History, www. Mattel. com). In 2010, Mattel posted profit of $24. 8 million, or 7 cents a share, compared with a loss of $51 million, or 14 cents a share in the previous period. Sales totaled $880. 1 million, an increase of 12% compared with $785. 6 million a year earlier (Chang, 2010). A host of external factors can influence a firm’s decision of direction and action. Influencing Mattel’s decisions are economic factors, social factors, political factors, technological factors and ecological factors. Mattel must lso understand the globalization strategy as it will allow them to pursue opportunities anywhere in the world and enable them to optimize business functions in the countries in which it operates (Pearce Robinson, 2011). Companies such as Mattel, seeking lower prices have benefited from the â€Å"China price† which was 30 to 50 percent cheaper than the cost to make the equivalent product in the U. S. Companies choose China for a variety of reasons including lower business costs, cheaper labor, facilities, plant and equipment and raw materials. There were also differences in regulatory oversight between China and many other countries, including the U. S. The U. S. banned lead toys in 1978; China only signed an agreement to do so in September of 2007 (Pearce Robinson, 2011). Being a global company, Mattel faces multiple political, economic, legal, social and cultural environments as well as various changes within each of them. Other issues arise in geographic separation, cultural and national differences and variations of business practices which all tend to make control and communication efforts between headquarters and the overseas affiliates difficult. Global companies like Mattel also face intense competition due to the differences in industry structures within countries. External factors such as technological change force Mattel to promote innovation to remain competitive. Mattel must be aware of technological changes that might influence its industry. Political factors are also considered external and are designed to benefit and protect firms like Mattel. Political constraints are placed on firms through actions like fair trade decisions, antitrust laws, tax programs, minimum wage legislation, pricing and polluting, many of these aimed at protecting employee’s (Pearce Robinson, 2011). Outsourcing to China also creates concerns in quality control as in the case of the 2007 recall for Mattel. In July of 2007, Mattel announced it would be voluntarily recalling some of its products from a contract manufacturer in China that was utilizing non-approved paint containing lead. Mattel requires that their manufacturing partners use paint from approved and certified suppliers and have procedures in place that test and verify but in this particular instance, procedures were not followed. Of the 19 million plus Mattel toys recalled, 2. 2 million were because of lead paint. Toys were pulled from the shelves of retailers, media frenzy ensued and public pressure was mounting. By the time the dust had settled from the recall, Mattel had recalled over 19 million toys that were produced in China. Their stock price had declined as they took a $40 million charge for the recalls and their cost increased. Customers were threatening to boycott Mattel and all toys that were made in China. When it appeared nothing could get worse for Mattel, congress sent a letter in 2008 charging that Robert was not honoring the commitment he made to the public during the initial recall incident (Pearce Robinson, 2011). Mattel had to determine what next steps they would take to recover from such a crisis and move quickly in order to protect their brand. Mattel had to identify an approach to the recalls that would enable them to protect the Mattel brand and their reputation while not undermining their intent to be the â€Å"World’s Premiere Toy Brand – Today and Tomorrow† (Pearce Robinson, 2011). Moving forward a solution this type of dilemma should include increased quality control efforts in all areas, increased audits and inspections to retain compliance with industry standards. Chinese policy makers would also need to review their policies and change the countries practices to reduce such problems. In the months after the recall China announced high profile inspections and clampdowns on quality. Another solution would be for producers could subject individual shipments of toys to the same box-by-box inspection that is now applied to pet food additives. China could also force exporters to conform to foreign food and product safety standards, even if they exceed China’s own laws (Oneal, Callahan, Osnos, N. D. ). Current safety checks in place, including independent audits would need to be reviewed as they did not prevent the chain of events leading to the recall (Story, 2007). There are many different solutions mentioned above that could work together to minimize the likelihood of such massive recalls in the future. Mattel should increase its quality controls for the toy industry, especially for product produced in China. The company and its subsidiaries should comply with the suggested standards of the CPSC Toy Safety Standards which can inspect, monitor, prosecute and even fine for defects. Mattel should report a defect or recall within 24 hours of discovery which did not happen in this case and lead to many distraught consumers that had lost faith in the Mattel brand. Instead of shifting blame to producers in China, Mattel needs to realize that it was their choice to produce in China and therefore the producers are not completely at fault. Mattel also needs to determine the root cause of the problem in order to perform corrective action and prevent it from happening again. Increased quality control and testing should be implemented immediately after a recall of this magnitude. Investigations should take place immediately and continue ongoing until it is deemed that all quality control issues have been addressed. Mattel should take appropriate actions with its producers if it finds that their safety procedures were knowingly ignored. In this case Mattel worked to intercept incoming shipments to keep potentially hazardous problems from being placed on store shelves. Mattel should continue to focus on protecting children from lead-tainted imports (Pearce Robinson, 2011). In conclusion, in preparation for another scenario similar to the toy recall, Mattel could incorporate the following objectives into their action plan. Objective 1: Get all pertinent information about the recall to the public accurately, efficiently and quickly. Objective 2: Reassure consumers, parents especially, that Mattel is committed to making the safest toys, fixing the problem and being honest and open. Objective 3: Take responsibility for the recall, Mattel should solve the problem while maintaining a stable relationship with producers in China (Mattel Toy Recall, 2007). How to cite Mattel’s China Experience, Essay examples

Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo Essay Example

Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo Paper Lenovo Analysis Internal and external analysis of Lenovo Group members: content 1. Introduction This report will analyze the business strategic management of Lenovo Company. Firstly, it briefly presents the business model of Lenovo. Secondly, the report will focus on internal and external environment of Lenovo, expounds business and operations strategy of Lenovo. Thirdly, it analyzes the strategic choice and strategy implementation. Then, it focuses on key features that how to choice strategic and factors to achieve successful implementation. Finally, it gives a brief summary of this report. 1. Background of Lenovo Lenovo Group was established in 1984, today it has grown to become a large enterprise groups which has diversified development in the information industry (Chuan, 2007). Now Lenovo is consist of the original Lenovo Group and the former IBM PC Division. Lenovo uses innovation, high-efficiency and customer satisfaction as its business model, devotes itself to create excellent PC, as well as invests in emerging markets (Liua Trevor, 2009). As one of the leaders in the global PC market, Lenovo develops and produces computer, sell the most reliable, secure and easy-to- se technology products, provides professional services to help global customers and partners to succeed. Lenovo Group is headquartered in New York, USA, at the same time, it established two main operations center in Beijing, China and the North Carolina, Raleigh, United States, and it also established two major research centers in Japan and C ) Currently Lenovo nas more than 1 employees all over world. Lenovo has worldwide selling network in PC market. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In March 2004, it was ranking the second biggest PC companies in the world (ibid). 1. 2 Products of Lenovo Lenovo is becoming the second largest PC maker in the world after its acquisition of IBMs personal computer business in 2005 (Chuan, 2007). The main productions of Lenovo are the ThinkPad line and the Ideapad line of notebook PCs and ThinkCentre line of desktops. Lenovo Group segments its market to retail consumers, medium size businesses and large enterprises. According to its distribution channels, it divided its market through online sales, company-owned stores, chain retailers, and major technology distributors and vendors (ibid). . 2. 1 ThinkPad The ThinkPad line was originally sold by IBM in early years. Since early 2005, Lenovo merger and acquisition IBMs personal computer business, therefore the brand was owned by Lenovo (ibid). The consumer group of ThinkPads is mostly businesses men, schools, and individual users. It is the unique laptop in the world which has been use d on the International Space Station. 1. 2. 2 Lenovo Ideapad The Ideapad line was produced in January 2008. This product line is based on Lenovos own research and development. Unlike the ThinkPad line of notebooks, the Ideapad has fashion appearance, its design is not for the commercial market, and its ore suitable for the average consumers (Caulfield, 2012). The Ideapad has a glossy screen, smooth and responsive keyboard made the buttons have the sense of reality. 1. 2. 3 Thinkcentre In 2003, IBM produced the ThinkCentre line; in 2005, merged IBMs personal computer business, and acquired five years usufruct of the IBM PC brand; but since 2008, the products of ThinkCentre and ThinkPad stopped using this brand (ibid). Now ThinkCentre has three types, A types (A55,A60) E types and M types (M5ZM55) 1. Why do people buy Lenovo? Consumer needs means that consumers desire of purchasing a good or service. With the development and progress of society, high tech products gradually stepped into the life of normal people (Wet, 2004). Consumer needs is a concept and it can lead to consumer behaviors which make consumers to seek inexpensive products and get more tangib le benefits. There are six main factors influencing consumer behaviors: attitudes, motivation, perceptions, personality, lifestyle, and knowledge (ibid). Lenovo has 3 major Competitive edges compared with other PC markers (ibid). ) Ethnocentrism: The main market of Lenovo is china. It is a domestic brand of China, so Chinese people can easily accep this brand. 2) price: Compared with other brands, the price of Lenovos products is lower with the same confguration, because the cost of products of Lenovo is lower, including labour cost, raw materials and so on. 3) After-sale service: In China, customer can immediately get feedback from customer service. There are about 1250 after-sale stores around China, 87 after-sale stores abroad. 1. 4 Lenovos Dual-mode business model Lenovo builds dual-model to sell its products. The dual-mode includes transaction client mode (referred to as the T-mode) and relationship-based customer model (referred to as R mode) (ibid). T-mode, also known as the product model , is the retail form of Lenovo products, consists of three processes, the products goes through the manufacturers, distributors, dealers, and then reach to consumers. Lenovos sale is not directly facing the market, but to face the channel system which has strong market coverage (Chuan, 2007). The core ideas of the T mode are Sell In, Sell Through In (ST) and Sell Out. Sell in Refers to sell Lenovo products to distributors, which means distributors purchase directly from Lenovo (ibid). STI Refers to Lenovo products sales to dealers from distribution store. This does not ean that Lenovo only need to transfer its products from Lenovo store to the distribution store, and it also needs to help distributors to transfer the products from the distribution stores to the stores of the dealer. Sell out refers to help the dealer sale products to consumers, reach the terminal sales. R model is a business model which Lenovo uses to sell its products to enterprises and other large customers on a wholesale basis (ibid). The concept of operation management is to divide different customer values accurately, in order to reduce the cost of selling. The major factors of R model are industry development, customer anagement, and daily operation administration. Industry development is to search for the customer groups; Lenovo has a clear division of the military, government, education, finance, telecommunications, energy, public utilities, transportation, manufacturing, distribution, media, service, and twelve other main industries, to develop a detailed development program with different industry (ibid). Customer management is using RAPD and RFM tools to have a refined management. Daily Operation Administration is used to enhance channel management, using some customers care activities to maintain good interaction etween distributors and customers (ibid). 2. Internal and external analysis of Lenovo Lenovo hopes occupied the international market through global expansion in the nearly tuture. So, an exhaustive internal and external environment analysis can help Lenovo to understand the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. Enterprise business environment analysis can include an internal as competitive environment analysis and an external as macro economy analysis (Henry, 2008). In this report, we will use the Porters five forces model to analyse the internal business environment of Lenovo and analyse the external business environment of Lenovo through the PESTEL model. 2. 1 Porters five forces model for internal analysis 2. 1. 1 Bargaining power of suppliers According to the product and procurement requirements of Lenovo, there are two types of suppliers (Caulfield, 2012). Some suppliers have strong bargaining power in the core components of the computer procurement and there is no substitute for Lenovo. For example, Intel is the worlds largest computer CPU supplier, he can control the supply and price of the computer CPU (ibid). Because Intel has the most dvanced technology and manufacturing processes. Moreover, AMD as another product lines rather than it as a substitute of Intel for the products of computer manufacturers (ibid). There are many suppliers also have the advantage, like WINDOWS, NVIDIA, AMD, AT, Western Digital, etc. However, other suppliers are lack of the bargaining power. These suppliers provide some low-tech accessories, Such as computer case, keyboard, AC adapter, etc. (ibid). Lenovo has a great choice for such suppliers, and a huge purchasing volume. So, the competition between these common suppliers is fierce. 2. 1. Bargaining power of customers There are mainly two categories in Lenovos customers. The one is organization procurement like corporate and government department (Quelch, 2006). Those customers usually have a lot of purchases and often have a standardized tendering procedure. Moreover, Lenovo needs these customers to promote the brand in the international market at this stage. Therefore, these customers have a strong bargaining power. However, although the average consumer is a very large consumer groups, but they are very disperse, coupled with Lenovos online sales model (ibid). In ddition, Lenovos ThinkPad brand has great brand recognition, and has many loyal customers. So, the bargaining power of average consumer is low. 2. 1. 3 Threat of new entrants Computer manufacture is a kind of high capital investment industry, and it requires a lot of development and technical personnel (Biediger, etc, 2005). New entrants may be able to have a lot of capital, but it is difficult to get a lot of development and technical personnel in a short period of time. Moreover, according to those top computer manufacturers like HP, Lenovo, DELL, they are all operations as internationalization. Therefore, the role of brand and channel for the global management is very important. Lenovo spent $12. 5 billion to purchase the PC business of IBM in 2004, and spent seven years to integrate the brand and channel resources (ibid). This illustrates the establishment ot a brand process. So, the threat of new entrant is low. . 1. 4 Threat of substitute products and channel is a long The mainly product of Lenovo is personal computer, its main function include internet, office and entertainment. The use of the computer is irreplaceable in the office area, because the high dependence of people on the computer and office, and o any substitutes can bring the convenience like computer in office areas so far. However, with the popularity of some new Internet access devices, such as TV, Tablet and Mobile phone. These new internet devices were instead more and more proportion of the computer access to the internet. For example, the shipments of iPad were more than any one of the global PC manufacturers quarterly shipments in the fourth quarter of 2011 (Caulfield, 2012). Because these new Internet devices more compact and convenient. For the entertainment, computer also has many threats from substitute products, like PS3, WILL and XBOX. These TV game consoles are powerful substitute for computer games. 2. 1. 5 Competitive rivalry within an industry The competition of computer manufacture includes business servers and consumer market. In the business servers market, HP and DELL are both strong competitors. In the consumer market, Lenovo has more competitors, such as HP, DELL, ASUSTEK, ACER, SONY, etc. These competitors have a different strategy and advantage, the high degree of competition in the computer industry has led to faster product replacement (Gonela, 2009). Competitors have to develop new products to provide ewer and better products for consumers, on the other hand is also working to reduce costs in order to achieve the purpose of price cutting (Handley, 2011). Therefore, Lenovo is in a highly competitive industry. 2. 2 PESTEL model for external analysis 2. 2. political Because of the state-owned background, Lenovo get a lot of policy support in the local market. The Chinese government put forward the plan of the computer to the countryside in 2009 (Savitz, 2011). This is a key policy of expanding domestic demand, and Lenovo has quickly established sales channels and expand sales. In addition, Lenovo has the early advantage on government procurement in China. However, due to the variability of the international political factors, Lenovo needs to be more flexible in the face of a variety of situations in the international market. 2. 2. Economic According to international economy 2012, Smick point out that Slowdown in world economic recovery and global economy will continue to slow growth in the 2012. Developed countries face the pressure of high rate of unemployment; domestic demand is also declining (ibid). This is a chain reaction of macro-economic. However, nvestments maintain high growth in the computer industry, because of the Pressure on the development and upgrade (Quelcn, 2 ) Moreover, due to the impact ot the U. S. subprime mortgage crisis and the debt crisis in Europe, export-oriented emerging economies has been seriously affected (ibid). Then, the appreciation of the RMB has led to the rising cost of Lenovo exports. 2. 2. 3 social Computer industry has a large customer base, especially the local market of Lenovo. The demand of computer is rapid increase in developing countries, such as the number of Internet users has reached 5. 13 billion in China (Caulfield, 2012). Then, the rapid development of network infrastructure in developing countries, and it greatly increases the scope of the use of computers. Moreover, education market, industrial users and rural market are the guarantee of sales. They have a larger demand for product updates (ibid). 2. 2. 4 Technological Electronic products updates very quickly, especially in the computer industry. Computer products need to be constantly developing new products improve product performance and optimize product design (Chuan, 2007). But for the computer manufacturer, some core technology is monopolized by a few companies, such as CPU and operating system (ibid). This led to the upgrade of computer manufacturers can only passively, technologies and products has been a lot of constraints. In addition, the battery is the largest Technological bottlenecks of mobile devices now (ibid). This has seriously affected the experience of the use of electronic devices, but still not a good solution. 2. 2. 5 Environment Recycling of electronic products has been a problem in various countries, because the materials of electronic products contain many toxic substances (Chuan, 2007). Therefore, more and more developed countries were pushing environmental rotection standards for electronic products in recent years (ibid). Those environment protection standards will form powerful barriers to trade for Lenovo. 2. 2. 6 Legal The laws of the computer products is not very sound in the local market, Such as parallel computers, computer quality, battery safety, etc. However, in the international market, most developed countries have a strict law and consumer protection provisions for computer products. Such as Samsung and Apple, they launched a fierce competition on the shape of patent issues in Europe (Caulfield, 2012). The lawsuit brought serious losses to both sides. So, Lenovo need to pay attention to features of the product in different legal environment. 3 Strategic choice of Lenovo 3. 1 Definition of strategic Strategic reter to select some available and reasonable options tor implementation. The strategic analysis and choice is the most significant part of the company (Henry, 2008). 3. 2 Structure for making strategic choice Identifying what options are available is the first step of generally process of strategic selection. The company should fgure out the reasonable options. And the types of the options about products, markets, and services. All the situations which are for instance who should involved in the choice, when will take it to action, and the choice criteria assessment intent should be considered dames, 1986). 3. 3 Options for markets and products This chart shows that the present and new market geography. It is represents the relationship between market need and product in detail (Ansoff, 1965). The first main option is do nothing. It means that the company should stay the original strategy to make sure about their position in the market. For long term considering it is a good way for the company to compete with different kinds of ompetitors. (Ansoff, 1965). The options which are called product development and market development represent about create a new product or satisfy the market. These two are not difficult to understand in the basic level, but they should make specific plans in the practical operation. The other option is diversification. It divides to two types which called related or unrelated as well. Taking a new product into a new market is the object of diversification. People prefer this option because it is very attractive, at the same time it is also challenging and risky (ibid). Whether the new product adapt to the new market, the first situation must be considered is the manger should well know about the market and do lots of research. Then how long the product can keep and the profit of the product should be analyzed. In practical, the manger should according to the different situation select the options wisely. Moreover evaluate those different available options are necessary. . 4 The strategic choice of Lenovo The leader of Lenovo wants to solve the problems in 2001 are: how to maintain the high speed of the companys turnover, in order to achieve the goal which is the urnover reach to 600 billion RMB in 2003; and how to gradually improve the marginal profit ratio and return on asset with the aim of have a better share price performance in capital market, then give the shareholders more payback (Biediger, etc, 2005). These two problems actual ly are the objects of the company. There are also restrictions between two aims: they not only could not expand aimless but also could not over conservation. The turnover of Lenovo group is 272billion HKD during 2000 and 2001 (ibid). Considering the digital china spin-ott, deduct the turnover ot digital china above 80 illion HDK, the turnover of Lenovo is 190billion HKD after adjustment during 2000 to 2001 after the regulation (ibid). It is far away from the object. The capital market put their focus on net profit than operating income. It is said that Dells gross profit rate higher than Lenovos 50% until the end of December in 2001 (ibid). The leader of Lenovo once clearly stated that they will try to keep or even increase the existing gross profit rate. And the truth is Lenovo cannot compete with international competitors in the area of marginal profit ratio and return on asset. The lowest share price of Lenovo in 2001 is 2. HKD, and the highest is 6. 95 HKD. (ibid) But it is very satisfied that in the first quarter of 2002 the share price of Lenovo become 3. -3. 5 HKD 9ibid). The main reason of this situation is the depression of whole IT industry. Hence the turnover of the company decelerated growth and low gross profit. The main product of Lenovo is their private brand PC, while the circumstance of the PC industry is not so good. Especially in 2001 it all appear the trend of decelerated growth both domestic and external market (ibid). According to the report of Dataquest, the global pc shipment is decrease 4. % than previous year, American is worse to 11 . 1%. If the forecast of IDC will be verified, the global shipment will drop to 1. 6%, it will be the first worldwide drop, and American which has the biggest PC market may drop to 13% as well (ibid). At that time most of the PC product of Lenovo will sale in domestic market. The sales growth of international PC market is far away from china, but has the same fierce competition; comparing with the international competitors, it has lots of disadvantages in the area of brand awareness, distribution channel. Not good at cost of manufacture as well. In addition the products going to the international market will investment a lot in the early days. Otherwise short term investment may affect the profit rate. On the other hand, the rates of gross profit of whole global PC manufacture are usually very low except Dell Company. Dell adopt driven by order production system and give up multilevel of agent distribution, pursue directly distribution. So that it is a good way to have a low inventory turnover. It is also a good way to face the market directly to avoid give more profit to agents. Lenovo adopt the way of build to order, nventory turnover days are 30, and also implement multilevel channels of agency distribution (ibid). This pattern impact on the capability of Lenovo improves the gross profit ratio; restrict the investment in large scale of price off promotions, market expansion, media and research development. In such circumstance, in order to realize the high growth object, Lenovo choose the option of diversification. From 2001, it established three professional work areas which are internet, cell phone and IT. Hopefully these three areas could support Lenovos prospect (ibid). 4 Strategy implementation of Lenovo Strategy implementation is the translation of chosen strategy into organizational action so as to achieve strategic goals and objectives. Strategy implementation is also defined as the manner in which an organization should develop, and amalgamate organizational structure, control systems, and culture to tollow strategies that lead to competitive advantage and a better performance. Also, there are key supporting points to achieve successful implementation: Action planning (which means that a clearly schedule of each action steps of a company), organization structure (a ompanys strategy must fit their current structure), human resources (managers should consider about their communication needs), the annual business plan (necessary financial commitment in the planning process), monitoring and control (for instance: changing the schedule, changing the action steps or the objectives) and finally, linkage (to make sure that all of the organizational activities are keep together) (birnhaum, 2009). Lenovo set the goal as the turnover reach to 600 billion RMB and gradually improve the marginal profit ratio and return on asset with the aim of have a better share price erformance in capital market, but until 2004 they did not reach the goals because of lack of experience and clear market position (Xiao, 2009). Lenovos turnover is still around 200 billion RMB in 2004, they lost in every business except computer, and the loss of mobile phone even reached 62 million RMB (ibid). Lenovo think the main reason is that they have been excessive optimistic to the environment. They did not accurately predict the market change. The other reason that made Lenovo lost in the past three years is that they ignored an important competitor- Dell, when Dell first ntered Chinese market, Lenovo keep been in the state of observe instead of take any action, so that Dell occupied domestic market and shake Lenovos position. Lenovo also lost because they did not have enough management ability of diversification business; they did not predict enough of the development to the diversification business strategy. Those reasons not only impacted on supply of new business development, but also impacted on the competitiveness of their core business. Lenovo draw up a new planning based on the failures before. The general aim of the new planning is to focus on current main business. There were three adjustments of this plan; one is that Lenovo should focus on the primary business. Primary business is also the same thing as core business, which means PC and relevant products for Lenovo, for example: laptop, server and external equipment, secondary business is about mobile communication equipment like mobile phone. They paid more attention on core business and key developing business; make sure that resource input is suitable for the importance of business. Old strategies in past two years like IT service and internet products have temporarily been to the third business (Deffree, 2007). The second plan adjustment is change the sale mode to against Dell. Lenovo decide not to keep the mode of distribute sales and introduce straight sales mode. Their new sales mode has been seen as complex marketing mode combine by straight sales and distribute sales. They implementing phone marketing and client marketing (which means straight sales) mode to important clients; enhance channel sales mode to retail clients and small and medium- sized enterprise clients. But channel distribute sales mode is still the most important sales mode of Lenovos IT products, ot sales is still based on channel sales mode (Kotler, 2 Expect the adjustment and innovation of sales strategy, Lenovo also adjust their firm management framework more close to marketing and sales. Because PC is Lenovos main business and important supplier of profits, especially it is easier to entry to the industry now, Lenovo gain a lot of competitors such as 18M, Dell and TCL, which made them, know that they should make a change of their structure and marketing strategy on the PC products. The third adjustment is to be more internationally. Lenovo increase the development and integration of international business to against difficult income situation. Lenovo announced to sell their IT service to Asialnfo which is a Chinese telecommunication software company. This deal is a stock rights replacement trade, so that Lenovo get (which worth 3 billion RMB) stock rights of Asialnfo. After this deal, Lenovo become the biggest shareholder of Asialnfo. After this deal, Asialnfos main business includes two parts: one is the original business, which communication software and professional service; the other one is based on IT service of Lenovo, plus the non telecommunication IT service of Asialnfo (Lenovo, 2004). Lenovos new strategy adjustment is aim to strengthen its own advantages, in the meanwhile overcome threaten of environment. Competition of PC marketing is very fierce; rate of profit is low. But Lenovo has its own advantages like high brand awareness in domestic market, good clients relationship and management experience. Focus on the primary business not only makes Lenovo merger IBMs PC department, but also brings Lenovo many benefits: firstly, makes Lenovo able to achieve a lot of technique of PC; secondly, perish a strong competitor and thirdly, they can develop international market quickly because of IBM (Spooner, 2004). The second adjustment of Lenovo is to change the sales mode, but Lenovo should consider clearly how to divide important clients and less important clients, how to coordinate the price difference between straight sales and distribute sales and also they should consider about implement possibility. Except these specific business strategies, Lenovo should also think about how to improve firm management ability, and gain innovation ability. Outstanding strategy and implementation are based on good management foundation. Although Lenovo can get technical patent by purchase IBMs PC department, a company long-term evelopment is on account of it innovation ability and it is Just the weakness of Lenovo. 5 Conclusions To sum up, the internal and external analysis report of Lenovo. Firstly, Lenovos business model and background has been described. Though Porter five forces model and PESTEL model to analyze the company internal and external environment, and then several strategic choice have been given. Finally, according to all the information mention above to put forward implementations. Through this report, Lenovo strategy management in future has been clearly identified. But it may adjust

Top Feminist Organizations of the 1970s

Top Feminist Organizations of the 1970s If we use the definition of feminism that feminism is about explicit organizing of action (including education and legislation) to promote equality or equal opportunity for women, the following organizations would be among the feminist organizations active in the 1970s. Not all would have called themselves feminist. National Organization for Women (NOW) The NOW organizing conference October 29-30, 1966, grew out of frustrations of women at slow movement of the EEOC in applying Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Key founders were Betty Friedan, Pauli Murray, Aileen Hernandez, Richard Graham, Kathryn Clarenbach, Caroline Davis and others. In the 1970s, after 1972, NOW focused heavily around passing the Equal Rights Amendment. The purpose of NOW was to bring women into equal partnership with men, which meant supporting a number of legal and social changes. National Women’s Political Caucus The NWPC was founded in 1972 to increase women’s participation in public life, including as voters, party convention delegates, party officials and officeholders at local, state and national levels.  Founders included Bella Abzug, Liz Carpenter, Shirley Chisholm, LaDonna Harris, Dorothy Height, Ann Lewis, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Elly Peterson, Jill Ruckelshaus, and Gloria Steinem.  From 1968 to 1972, the number of women delegates to the Democratic National Convention tripled and the number of women delegates to the Republican National Convention doubled.   As the 1970s progressed, working for pro-ERA and pro-choice candidates became a major focus; the NWPC Republican Women’s Task Force won the fight in 1975 to continue the party’s platform endorsement of the ERA. The Democratic Women’s Task Force similarly worked to influence its party’s platform positions. The organization worked through active recruitment of women candidates and also through running training programs for women delegates and candidates. The NWPC also worked to increase the employment of women in Cabinet departments and to increase the appointments of women as judges. Chairs of the NWPC during the 1970s were Sissy Farenthold, Audrey Rowe, Mildred Jeffrey, and Iris Mitgang. ERAmerica Founded in 1975 as a bipartisan organization to win support for the Equal Rights Amendment, the first national co-chairs were Republican Elly Peterson and Democratic Liz Carpenter.  It was created to raise funds and direct them to the ratification efforts in the states which had not yet ratified the ERA and which were considered possible successes. ERAmerica worked through existing organization as well as lobbying, educating, distributing information, raising funds and organizing publicity.  ERAmerica trained many pro-ERA volunteers and created a speakers bureau (Maureen Reagan, Erma Bombeck, and Alan Alda among the speakers).  ERAmerica was created at a time when Phyllis Schlafly’s Stop ERA campaign was energizing opposition to the ERA.  Participants in ERAmerica also included Jane Campbell, Sharon Percy Rockefeller and Linda Tarr-Whelan. National League of Women Voters Founded in 1920 to continue the work of the woman suffrage movement after women won the vote, the National League of Women Voters in the 1970s was still active in the 1970s and remains active today.  The League was and is nonpartisan while, at the same time, urging women (and men) to be politically active and involved.  In 1973, the League voted to admit men as members. The League supported such pro-women’s rights actions as the 1972 passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and various anti-discrimination laws and programs (as well as continuing work on civil rights and anti-poverty programs). National Commission on the Observance of International Womens Year Created by an Executive Order of President Gerald R. Ford in 1974, with subsequent authorization of Congress to sponsor state and territorial meetings on the rights and responsibilities of women, members were appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1975 and then again in 1977. Members included Bella Abzug, Maya Angelou, Liz Carpenter, Betty Ford, LaDonna Harris, Mildred Jeffrey, Coretta Scott King, Alice Rossi, Eleanor Smeal, Jean Stapleton, Gloria Steinem, and Addie Wyatt.  One of the key events was the National Women’s Conference in Houston on November 18-21, 1977.  Elizabeth Atahansakos was presiding officer in 1976 and Bella Abzug in 1977.  Sometimes called the IWY Commission. Coalition of Labor Union Women Created in March, 1974, by union women from 41 states and 58 unions, CLUW’s first president was Olga M. Madar of the United Auto Workers.  The organization was founded to increase women’s involvement in unions and political activities, including getting union organizations to better serve the needs of women members.  CLUW also worked legislation to end discrimination against working women, including favoring affirmative action. Addie Wyatt of the United Food and Commercial Workers was another key founder. Joyce D. Miller of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America was elected president in 1977; in 1980 she was to become the first woman on the AFL-CIO Executive Council. In 1975 CLUW sponsored the First National Women’s Health Conference, and moved its convention from a state that had not ratified the ERA to one that had. Women Employed Founded in 1973, Women Employed worked in the 1970s to serve working women - especially non-union women in offices, at first - to gain economic equality and workplace respect.  Large campaigns to enforce legislation against sex discrimination.  A case filed first in 1974 against a large bank was finally decided in 1989.  Women Employed also took up the case of a legal secretary, Iris Rivera, who had been fired because she refused to make coffee for her boss. The case not only won Riveras job back but significantly changed the consciousness of bosses in offices about fairness in working conditions. Women Employed also ran conferences to inspire women both in self-education and in knowing their workplace rights.  Women Employed still exists and works on similar issues. Key figures were Day Piercy (then Day Creamer) and Anne Ladky.  The group began as a Chicago-oriented group but soon began to have more national impact. 9to5, National Association of Working Women This organization grew out of a Boston 9to5 grassroots collective, which in the 1970s filed class action suits to win back pay for women in offices.  The group, like Chicagos Women Employed, expanded its efforts to help women with both self-management skills and understandings of their workplace legal rights and how to enforce them.  With the longer new name, 9to5, National Association of Working Women, the group went national, with a number of chapters outside Boston (at this writing, in Georgia, California, Wisconsin and Colorado).   Groups like 9to5 and Women Employed also gave rise in 1981 to Local 925 of the Service Employees International Union, with Nussbaum as president for almost 20 years, with the object of gaining collective bargaining rights for women working in offices, libraries and day care centers. Womens Action Alliance This feminist organization was founded in 1971 by Gloria Steinem, who chaired the board until 1978. More directed at local action than legislation, though with some lobbying, and about coordinating individuals and resources at the grass-roots, the Alliance helped to open the first shelters for battered women.  Others involved included Bella Abzug, Shirley Chisholm, John Kenneth Galbraith, and Ruth J. Abram, who was the director from 1974 to 1979.  The organization dissolved in 1997. National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) Originally founded as the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws, and later called the National Association for Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League, and now NARAL Pro-Choice America, NARAL was focused narrowly on the issue of abortion and reproductive rights for women.  The organization worked in the 1970s first to repeal existing abortion laws, and then, after the Supreme Courts  Roe v. Wade  decision, to oppose regulations and laws to limit abortion access.  The organization also worked against limits to womens access to birth control or to sterilization, and against forced sterilization.  Today, the name is NARAL Pro-Choice America. Religious Coalition for Abortion Rights (RCAR) Later renamed the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice (RCRC), RCAR was founded in 1973 to support the right of privacy under  Roe v. Wade, from a religious standpoint.  Founders included both lay leaders and clergy from major American religious groups. At a time when some religious groups, notably the Roman Catholic Church, opposed abortion rights on religious grounds, the voice of RCAR was meant to remind legislators and the general public that not all religious people opposed abortion or womens reproductive choice. Womens Caucus, Democratic National Committee During the 1970s, this group worked within the Democratic National Committee to push a pro-women’s rights agenda within the party, including on the party platform and in appointments of women to various positions. Combahee River Collective The Combahee River Collective met in 1974 and continued to meet throughout the 1970s as a means to develop and implement a black feminist perspective, looking at what would today be called intersectionality: the way in which race, sex, and class oppression worked together to divide and oppress. The groups critique of the feminist movement was that it tended to be racist and exclude black women; the groups critique of the civil rights movement was that it tended to be sexist and exclude black women. National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO or BFO) Founded in 1973, a group of African American women was motivated to form the  National Black Feminist Organization for many of the same reasons The Combahee River Collective existed - and indeed, many of the leaders were the same people. Founders included Florynce Kennedy, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Faith Ringgold, Michel Wallace, Doris Wright, and Margaret Sloan-Hunter; Sloan-Hunter was elected the first chairperson.  Though several chapters were established, the group died out about 1977. National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) Founded as an â€Å"organization of organizations† in 1935 by Mary McLeod Bethune, the National Council of Negro Women remained active in promoting equality and opportunity for African American women, including through the 1970s under the leadership of Dorothy Height. National Conference of Puerto Rican Women As women began to organize around women’s issues, and many felt that the mainstream women’s organizations did not adequately represent the interests of women of color, some women organized around their own racial and ethnic groups.  The National Conference of Puerto Rican Women was founded in 1972 to promote both preservations of Puerto Rican and Latino heritage, but also full participation of Puerto Rican and other Hispanic women in society - social, political and economic. Chicago Womens Liberation Union (CWLU) The more radical wing of the womens movement, including the Chicago Womens Liberation Union, was far more loosely structured than the more mainstream womens organizations were. CWLU was a bit more clearly organized than womens liberation supporters in other parts of the U.S.  The group existed from 1969 to 1977.  Much of its focus was in study groups and papers, as well as supporting demonstrations and direct action. Jane (an underground abortion  referral service), the  Health Evaluation and Referral Service (HERS) which evaluated abortion clinics for safety,  and the  Emma Goldman Womens Clinic were three concrete projects around womens reproductive rights.  The organization also gave rise to  the National Conference on Socialist Feminism and the Lesbian Group which became known as Blazing Star. Key individuals included Heather Booth, Naomi Weisstein,  Ruth Surgal,  Katie Hogan and  Estelle Carol. Other local  radical feminist  groups included Female Liberation in Boston (1968 - 1974) and Redstockings  in New York. Womens Equity Action League (WEAL) This organization spun off from the National Organization for Women  in 1968, with more conservative women who did not want to work on issues including abortion and sexuality.  WEAL supported the Equal Rights Amendment, though not particularly vigorously. The organization worked for equal educational and economic opportunity for women, opposing discrimination in academia and the workplace.  The organization dissolved in 1989. National Federation of Business and Professional Womens Clubs, Inc. (BPW) The 1963 Commission on the Status of Women was established with pressure from the BPW.  In the 1970s, the organization generally supported ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, and to support women’s equality in professions and in the business world. National Association for Female Executives (NAFE) Founded in 1972 to help women succeed in the business world in which mostly men were successful - and often not supportive of women - NAFE focused on education and networking as well as some public advocacy. American Association of University Women (AAUW) AAUW was founded in 1881.  In 1969, the AAUW passed a resolution supporting equal opportunities for women on campus at all levels. A 1970 research study, Campus 1970, explored sex discrimination against students, professors, other staff and trustees. In the 1970s, AAUW supported women in colleges and universities, especially working to secure passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and then to see to its adequate enforcement, including working for regulations to ensure compliance, monitoring and reporting on compliance (or lack thereof), and also working to establish standards for universities: Title IX: â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.† National Congress of Neighborhood Women (NCNW) Founded in 1974 out of a national conference of working-class women, NCNW saw itself as giving voice to poor and working-class women. Through educational programs, NCNW promoted educational opportunities, apprenticeship programs, and leadership skills for women, with the purpose of strengthening neighborhoods.  At a time when the mainstream feminist organizations were criticized for focusing more on women at the executive and professional level, NCNW promoted a kind of feminism for women of a different class experience. Young Womens Christian Association of the U.S.A. (YWCA) The largest women’s organization in the world, the YWCA grew out of the mid-19th-century efforts to support women spiritually and, at the same time, respond to the Industrial Revolution and its social unrest with action and education. In the United States, the YWCA responded to the issues facing working women in industrial society with education and activism.  In the 1970s, the USA YWCA worked against racism and supported repeal of anti-abortion laws (before the Roe v. Wade decision). The YWCA, in its general support of women’s leadership and education, supported many efforts to expand women’s opportunities, and YWCA facilities were often used in the 1970s for feminist organization meetings. The YWCA, as one of the largest providers of daycare, was also both promoter and target of efforts to reform and expand child care, a key feminist issue in the 1970s. National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW) A faith-based grassroots organization, the NCJW was founded originally at the 1893 World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.  In the 1970s, the NCJW worked for the Equal Rights Amendment and to protect Roe v. Wade, and carried out a variety of programs addressing juvenile justice, child abuse, and day care for children. Church Women United Founded in 1941 during World War II, this ecumenical women’s movement sought to involve women in post-war peace-making.  It has served to bring women together and has worked on issues especially important to women, children, and families.  During the 1970s, it often supported women’s efforts to have expanded roles in their churches, from empowering women deacons and women’s committees in churches and denominations to ordination of women ministers.  The organization remained active on issues of peace and global understanding as well as getting involved in environmental issues. National Council of Catholic Women A grassroots organization of individual Roman Catholic women, founded under the auspices of the U.S. Catholic bishops in 1920, the group has tended to emphasize social justice. The group opposed divorce and birth control in its early years in the 1920s.  In the 1960s and 1970s, the organization supported leadership training for women, and in the 1970s especially stressed health issues. It was not significantly involved in feminist issues per se, but it had in common with feminist organizations the goal of promoting women taking leadership roles within the church.

Regenerative Braking

Regenerative Braking If you drive in an urban area, you probably realize youre continually stopping and starting on the road. Its a big waste of time, but you might not also realize that its a huge waste of energy. Making a car move forward requires needs a large input of power, and every time you step on the brakes, all the energy you built up dissipates. According to the rules of physics, energy cannot be destroyed. That means when your car slows down, the kinetic energy that was moving it forward has to go somewhere its lost in the brake pads and released as heat.  But what if you could store up this energy and use it when you next begin to accelerate? Thats the basic principle behind regenerative brakes, which are widely used in electric cars and trains. Definition Regenerative braking is a system in which the electric motor that normally drives a hybrid or pure electric vehicle is essentially operated in reverse (electrically) during braking or coasting. Instead of consuming energy to propel a vehicle, the motor acts as a generator that charges the onboard batteries with electrical energy that would normally be lost as heat through traditional mechanical friction brakes. As the motor â€Å"acts in reverse,† it generates electricity. The accompanying friction (electrical resistance) assists the normal brake pads in overcoming inertia and helps slow the vehicle. Traditional vs. Regenerative In a tr ­aditional braking system, brake pads create friction with the brake rotors which stop or slow the car. Friction is also produced between the wheels and the roads surface. Both create heat from the cars kinetic energy. However, with regenerative brakes, the system that drives the vehicle does most of the braking. When you depress the brake pedal on a hybrid or electric car, these brakes shift the automobiles electric motor into reverse which makes it run backward, in turn slowing the cars wheels. While running backward, the motor also acts as an electric generator by creating electricity thats delivered into the cars batteries. Best Situations Regenerative brakes are more effective at certain speeds. They are actually most useful in stop-and-go situations. Hybrids and electric cars also do have friction brakes that act as a type of back-up system in scenarios where regenerative braking cant supply enough power to stop. In these cases, drivers should aware that the brake pedal could respond differently to pressure. It will sometimes depress farther towards the floor than usual a feeling that can momentarily cause drivers to panic. Hydraulic Regenerative Braking Ford Motor Company and the Eaton Corporation have developed a newer type of regenerative braking system called Hydraulic Power Assist or HPA. When the driver depresses the brake with HPA, the cars kinetic energy powers a reversible pump which directs hydraulic fluid from a low-pressure accumulator (a type of storage tank) and into a high-pressure accumulator. Estimates for HPA indicate it could store 80 percent of the movements lost by deceleration and use it to move the car forward.

Organisational Culture of Oral Smooth Plc Essay

Organisational Culture of Oral Smooth Plc - Essay Example It is the process of establishing the empire of business by a series of strategies viz. executing the business concept, promotion, services, goods, pricing, equal and effective idea generation to generate healthy relationship to meet the organizational and personal objectives (Harris, 1994). We can analyse the situation by strategically approach to the business of Oral Smooth Plc. Oral Smooth Plc is based in London; an innovative company produces tooth pastes for smokers. In the past, Product Diversification and Customer Care do have due attention from the management experts. Today it has become a powerful tool for the consultants to enhance the managerial efficiency. Edgar Scheins theory also caters the same effect to better the performance of the organisations. Objective of the study Oral Smooth Plc is having its presence in every part of the UK. The product diversification always enables the company the market leader of the sector without any challenges. Here Oral Smooth Plc wants to put their business mark in UK as a part of diversification in the business. We would like to know the differences, similarities and the difference within the organization, how the organization manages his employees and the process to ensure successful service delivery and customer satisfaction. Organizational culture of the company using Edgar Scheins theory The particular theory focuses on an organisational culture ethics the system. Scheins says that culture is the basic factor for change in an establishment (Campbell, 2003). The thorough understanding about the organisational dynamics starts with this fact. In order to have a strong and dominant leadership Scheins suggests 3 levels of culture (Black, 2003). They are, 1. Artifacts (this can be very easily seen just like our outfits and not very easy to decipher) 2. Espoused values (Philosophies and targets) 3. Assumptions (unconscious beliefs) Scheins also suggest, group dynamics for a better leadership in organisational cultu re. He says that small groups function within a particular group culture in the similar way firms function within the culture of the firm. His model categorise informal groups into 3. 1. Vertical cliques containing different ranks in the same section/dept 2. Horizontal cliques containing similar ranks 3. Mixed cliques containing members of various depts. Here we can implement the Schein management theory for the better performance of the firm. To Biech, Elaine 1998, Culture envelops us in fully. They are, pervasive and complex. Hence as per Scheins we cannot understand Organizational development and planned change, if not we consider it as the main origin of resistance to change. Furthermore, Biswas & Twitchell (1999) remarks that if management consultants are not in a position to understand about culture, naturally they will handle the situation and such embedded culture will manage them .In fact cultural awareness is everything for a society to know but as far as leaders are conce rned, they are the top-notch community to learn this properly as they are to lead the society. To Block (1999), with his Three categorisation of Culture, Edgard Schein has contributed much to make the management practitioners aware what culture is. The plan Oral Smooth intends to ensure its monopoly across the country by their corporate strategic management. So as a first and prime step they want to organise a good campaign to make the event more noticeable there in the country. They wish to make it reorganised their marketing presence within a short time period. A clear but brief background of the two markets, with a

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 33

Case Study Example The virtual project teams at TRW are based on trust, fairness and respect among the members. The project teams also comprise members with different education, skills and experiences thus are also to collaborate in attaining the goals. However, due to lack of face to face meetings, the virtual teams may take long to resolve conflicts or build consensus. TRW teams may fail due to distractions and lack of engagement during the virtual meetings (Forsyth 56). The steps of TRW’s GRPI model corresponds to the two perspectives of group development described in this chapter. According to Tuckman’s stages model, group development starts with the forming stages whereby group members learn about each other and objectives of the group. The second stage is storming stage whereby group members engage with each other and build group cohesion. The third stage is norming stage whereby the members will lay the rules, the communication channels. The fourth stage is performing stage whereby group members implement the objectives of the group while the last stage is the adjournment stage whereby the project ends. TRW’s GRPI model corresponds to Tuckman’s stages perspective since the first stage is explaining the goals of project to all members and developing a common vision for the project which is similar to forming stage. The second step is outlining the goals of each member, the task and responsibilities which is similar to storming stage of Tuckman’s perspective. The third step of GRPI model is determining channels of communications, schedules and meeting times and agendas which are similar to norming stage whereby group members lay rules of the group including communication mechanisms. The last component of GRPI model is defining how to manage any interpersonal conflicts thus this is similar to performing stage of Tuckman’s group development perspective

Critical perspectives on management and leadership

Critical perspectives on management and leadership There is a difference between what theorists believe managers should do, what managers believe they should do and what managers actually end up doing (Grint, 1995). Applying critical theory to determine what is what and who has what. Critical Theory The Frankfurt School of Critical Theory is the longest and most famous traditions of Marxism. This tradition is often referred as critical theory- meaning a special kind of social philosophy from its inception in 1923 by Felix Weil (Seiler, 2004). The critical theory of society of the Frankfurt School continues to excite interest and controversy (Kellner, 2001). A theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human emancipation, to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them. A number of critical theories have emerged in connection with the many social movements that identify varied dimension of the domination of human beings in modern societies (Gutting, 2003). Thus, the term critical theory was used as the symbol of a philosophy which questions the effective order of political and social modernity through an order of immanent critique. It was mainly an attempt to regain a critical potential that had been overrun by recent intellectual, social, cultural, economic and technological trends. The term Critical theory has its origins in the 20th century Frankfurt School, and now is associated with scholars across a range of disciplines.   Its purpose of inquiry is to confront injustices in society (Clark, 2004).   Critical Theory has been deeply concerned with the fate of modernity, and has offered systematic and comprehensive theories of the trajectory of modernity. Critical theory began by putting Marxian political economy at the centre of analysis, and early critical theory was materialist and committed to socialism (Gingrich, 2000).   Critical theory has generally been committed to the idea of modernity and progress, while at the same time noting the ways that features of modernity can create problems for individuals and society (Kellner, 2000). This is much reflected on the 21st century, though there is progress in many things, but still issues like globalisation tends to pose important problems for the society.   According to Heilman (1998), being critical involves understanding the sets of historically contingent circumstances and contradictory power relationships that create the conditions in which we live.   Theory helps us to organize the world, to sort out the details, to make some coherent sense out of a kaleidoscope of sensations (Ayers, 1992). When theory is theorized, as stated by Heilman (1998), the imperatives of practice bring the theory down to the ground.   Phenomena are observed and experienced; this experience informs theory; and then the theory is further modified as a result of additional practice.   Rather like fiction writing, critical theorizing is a process of imagining and describing a non-real but possible world.   The critical theorists have deeply influenced contemporary social theory, communication theories, cultural theory and many more for a number of decades.   According to Clark (2004), Critical theorists are committed to understand the relationship between societal structures (such as economic and political) and ideological patterns of thought that constrain the human imagination and thus limit opportunities for confronting and changing unjust social systems.   Critical theorists emphasise that theory and research must serve emancipator interests, to create a world that satisfies the needs and powers of social actors (Sanghera, 2004).   According to critical theory, people are dominated by a false consciousness created and perpetuated by capitalism in order to preserve the hegemony of those in power (Meyer-Emerick, 2004).   Due to this cause, one can assume that it prevents people from freely pursuing their own interests.   This dissent is only dismissed if people begin to see the contradictions between the social construction of the world and their lived experience.   Critical Management Studies Critical management studies also known as CMS which is the known as the term that describes the a diverse group of people that has adopted the critical or questioning approaches to management, this term emerged of recent years. The report outline The above statement sets the mood for this report, as the report will be looking at how the critical management theory of yesterday applies to the modern western approaches of management today.   Another key aspect will be on trying to articulate the connections between the management perspectives of contemporary society in the critical theory.   The focus will be on Karl Marx and Michael Foucault as critical theorists and how their perspectives affect the management and leadership in today modern western era. Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism; Marx economic relationship between managers and the workers. Whilst Foucault argued that patterns in disciplinary behaviour found in management practices. management and leadership Scientific management Scientific management (Taylor System) also known as Taylorism is a theory of management that analysis and manufactures workflows to improve employee (labour) productivity. The idea was developed by a Frederick Winslow Taylor between 1880 and 1890, and it was the first published monograph (written documents). Frederick Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and the rules of the thumb should be replaced by accurate procedures that are developed after a study of an individual at work. This means that there is a high level of managerial control over employee work practices. Scientific management is a distinction on the theme of efficiency; it developed in the 19th and 20th century were instance of large recurring theme in the human life of increasing efficiency, decreasing waste and using experiential methods to dictate what matters rather than accepting pre-existing ideas of what matters. Management today is the greatest use of scientific management is a form to contrast a new and improved way of doing business. Leadership Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow. Those that follow will help to complete the mission. It is an immature science and the body of knowledge in the field has developed through a series of fits and starts. Leadership is a soft science, just as anthropology, sociology and psychology. It can not be proven exactly what it is. Leadership is an art; the skilful application of leadership behaviours beyond techniques is much the same as the skilful application of brushstrokes by a master painter. Leadership is both rational and emotional. It involves both sides of human experience. It includes actions and influences based on reason and logic as well those based on inspiration and passion. Leadership is a social process shared among all members of a group. (Yolk, 2002) Leadership also involves in political activity as in power activity; conversely, it is much more like transformational leadership. Political processes involve efforts by members of the organization to increase their power or protect existing power sources (Pfeiffer, 1981). Although the ultimate source of political power is usually authority, control over resources, or control over information, political power involves influence processes that transform and magnify the initial basis of power in unique ways Karl Marx A Marxists thought is based on this lifestyle, a science of logic called Dialectics. Thus, Marxism is both a theory and a practice. The theories of Marxism are based on a scientific method of thought called dialectal materialism.   Theory is based on a particular set of conditions that are always finite, and thus, any theory is necessarily limited. To test the validity of theory, Marxists rely on empirical evidence as the criteria of truth (Basgen, 2005). Marxism embraces modernity and Marxists argue that one of the main problems is that capitalism puts fetters on the progressive forces. The forces of capitalism are viewed as progressive in sweeping away the traditional, religious, backward, and feudal forms of society, spreading industrialisation and urbanisation across societies (Moody, 2003). Michel Foucault His studies challenged the influence of German political philosopher Karl Marx and Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Foucault offered new concepts that challenged peoples assumptions about prisons, the police, insurance, care of the mentally ill, gay rights, and welfare (Ron, 2000). The main influences on Foucaults thought were German philosophers Frederick Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger.   The connect.net website, describe Foucaults thought as explored the shifting patterns of power within a society and the ways in which power relates to the self. He investigated the changing rules governing the kind of claims that could be taken seriously as true or false at different times in history. critical analysis Marx critique of capitalisms Capitalism is the system that upholds the relationship between the owners of the means of production and workers. The former comprise the bourgeois class and the latter the proletariat Marxs critique of capitalism was that while this system had incredible power and potential to transform human society positively, in actual fact it resulted in exploitation and ultimately limited the possibility for further improvement (Powell, 2001). Moody (2003), describe this environment as workers were emancipated from traditional limits but became slaves of the new factory system, monopolisation resulted in limits on trade and further progress, and the state acted in the interests of the bourgeoisie rather than society as a whole. Commodity Fetishism Labour Power To be clear about is what the capitalist has bought. The worker has sold not his labour but his ability to work. This Marx calls his labour power. Also, as Marx defines, labour power is the abstraction of human labour into something that can be exchanged for money. In addition, capitalism can purchases labour power as a commodity. In other words, Labour power is a commodity governed by the same laws as other commodities. Its value is determined by the labour-time necessary for its production. Labour power is the ability of the worker to work. It is consumed by the capitalist in the actual labour-process. (R.Sewell and A.Woods) Marx explains, I use the term labour power or capacity for labour, to denote the aggregate of those bodily and mental capabilities existing in a human being, which he exercises whenever he produces a use-value of any kindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The value of labour power, like that of every other commodity, is determined by the labour time necessary for the production, and consequently for the reproduction as well, of this specific article as well. Capitalism Power As Campbell (1981:34) describes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as in slavery, where the producers themselves are owned by the slavery owners; in feudalism where the land is owned by the landlords; or in capitalism where machinery and factories (capital) are owned by capitalists. In capitalism, the machineries and factories is not the only thing owned by capitalists (or factory owners), also labours. For example, in a car making factory, all the machineries are fixed assets to the factory owner, machineries can not make profit for the factory owner if no one operates them, and so labourers who operate machineries are the main assets to the factory owners. In addition, labour power is a commodity (which is bought and sold on the labour market), (The Marxist critique of capitalism) because it has an exchange value. As Campbell (1981: 38) says all commodities labour power has an exchange value, its price (the wage), yet again like all commodities, it also has use value to the purchaser. The purchaser here is any capitalism or any factory owners. It continues one purchased, like any commodityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Labour power is owned therefore, like a machine, and is put to work (Campbell 1981:38) As the labour power is a commodity, so once it is purchases by factory owner, the owner has the power to either use it or exchange it to others. Also, in capitalism, once the owner purchases new labour power, he has the rights to make decision on how much he will pay to his new labourers, and how long the new labourers will work every week; also he can fire any of the labourers in his factory any time if he feels not satisfied with them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in a capitalist economy the vast majority of people have only their labour power to sell in order to gain income with which to purchase food, clothing, housing and other goods and services. The means of production are owned by the capitalist class and if they are unwilling to hire labour, or wish to reduce the numbers of workers they employ, this puts workers prosperity immediately at risk (Campbell 1981:111) Marxs argument was against capitalism, which he referred to as a stage at which every society must go through that can bring about the seed of its own destruction. He indicated that human essence was labour and physical effort needed in the production of the means of subsistence. Hence, some forms of production are needed for survival. The suggestion being that it is acceptable for oneself but not for others because some individuals may have all factors of production (capital, entrepreneurship, labour and land), while others may have nothing but just their own labour, which eventually will result in uneven distribution of wealth and income. Additionally, Marx argued that capitalism deprives the labour force of their creative fulfilment, and since they are portrayed to be the already planned part of the production process, they are unable to achieve self-actualisation. Exploitation and Alienation For Marx, this alienation works as a process, but it can be broken up into 3 different aspects for analysis. The first aspect of alienation under analysis is how workers are alienated from the product they produce. Under capitalism, the object the workers produce is surrendered for the wages they receive. The workers then loose any relation to the object they are producing because they are handing it over. This is of course is different from the system of self-sufficiency, where the workers have a much more direct relationship with the object that they produce. As the workers become more independent of their product, they transfer power to the employer. As mentioned with Marxs critique on the political economy, the more objects the worker produces, then the more power the employer possesses which will lead to a greater weakness to the workers. Therefore under this system, the workers are only competing to be exploited. This is a form of alienation, because the object that the worker produces becomes an alien entity to him, independent of his control and ultimately controls the worker. Another aspect of alienation that Marx examines is how the self becomes another alien entity to the worker. Under the mode of capitalism, the working conditions are established by the capitalists and not by the workers themselves. These conditions are established along the grounds of the capitalists drive for profits, rather than the workers need for self-fulfilment. Marx felt that self-fulfilment was a major aim of a person, and felt that under the system of capitalism, where your working conditions are created by your employer, it was impossible for the worker to gain this self-fulfilment. He also felt that the capitalist employers were victims of this problem too because if they didnt drive for profits, then they would be put out of business. The labour itself is described by Marx as exterior to the worker, that is, it does not belong to his essence. Therefore he does not confirm himself in his work, he denies himself, feels miserable instead of happy, deploys no free physical and intellectual energy, but mortifies his body and ruins his mind (David McLellan 2000). Explain Marxs articulation of exploitation. The practice of mistreat of workers in an environment that is deliberately designed to maintain it, i.e. capitalism, Marxs conforming the workers alienated by/owners of the means of production to gain profits at the expense of the workers (e.g. managers forcing employees to undertake tasks outside their job description in order to cut costs and maximise profits) because people are alienated they conform to the demands of their employers in order to keep jobs safe. Foucault disciplinary Power Moves away from the economics of Marx. Looks at power and reconceptualises it. Management as a representation of power relations in society. Specific rules maintain, regulate and institutionalize practices in a work environment (office, factory, school, etc), Power- Disciplinary power the panopticon as a illustration of society, the middle tower is all seeing yet prisoners always obey without knowing for certain whether they are being monitored, by whom or by how many. The result is the creation of self-regulating, obedient and disciplined prisoners (at least in theory). Relate this form of disciplinary power to management. Power as the central driving force in a society within a group of people in a working environment. Manager doesnt create a system the manager merely plays along with the rules, thus maintaining the relations of dominance and dominated. Critical Analysis on Leadership Over the influence process of leadership, it needs power. (Northhouse, 2007). Leaders are usually described as wielders of power in the discussion of leadership because they are individuals who dominate others. Power is the capacity or potential to influence another party (Mint berg, 1983; Pfeiffer, 1981, 1992). It is talked as the basis of leadership according to many political theorists like Machiavelli through academic political scientists such as Marx in the twentieth century. People have power when they have the ability to affect others beliefs, attitudes, and courses of action. Ministers, teachers, doctors, and coaches are examples of individuals using power to effect change in people. In commercial, there are two major types of power, position power and personal power (Bass, 1960; Etienne, 1991): Position power refers the power a person derives from a particular rank in a formal organization system, for example, department heads have more power than clerical staff in position. It includes potential influence derived from legitimate authority, control over resources and rewards, control over punishments, control over information, and control over the physical work environment.   Personal power refers the power a leader derives from followers. It includes potential influence derived from task expertise and potential influence based on friendship and loyalty. Followers give leaders power when leaders act in ways that are important to them. Power is also inherent in a persons position in the organization. (Bass, 1960; Etienne, 1991) According to Northhouse (2007) the current dominant leadership paradigm is the transformation approaches which is a process that changes and transforms people. The elements at the heart of transformational leadership are: idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. Critical Analysis on Scientific management The Marxist theory of capital sees labour as a cost of production resulting in the alienation of workers as the need for labour surfaces from the physical needs defined by the fundamental relationship between humans and their physical environment (Hatch, 1997, p.27).   Taylors ideas on scientific management (1990) have similar economic themes to Marx and Adam Smith.   By viewing management as a science, he broke down the managerial problem into stages of research, definition, analysis and implementation.   His principles were inherently based on the assumption that people put in as little effort as possible into their work and were soldiering on in order to earn money.   This shifted all the responsibility from the worker to the manager and scientific methods were used to determine the most efficient way of working.   After selecting the best person capable of performing the task, they were trained to work efficiently and their performance was strictly monitored.   In hin dsight, though this may have appeared to be a good generic strategy for the success of a firm, it heavily depended on whether the optimal method of producing could be found and whether or not the strategy was implemented correctly.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   conclusion